Te rerekētanga i waenga i te māpere me te karāneti
Ko te huarahi hei wehewehe i te māpere mai i te karāneti ko te kite i ō rātou tauira. Ko te tauira omāperehe momona, he maeneene te tauira rārangi, ā, he momona te panonitanga tae. Ko tekarāhehe iraira ngā tauira, kāore he tauira e kitea whānuitia ana, ā, ko ngā tae he mā, he hina te nuinga, ā, he āhua kotahi.
TeKarāniti
Nō te toka mura te karāhe, i hangaia e te pahūtanga o te magma o raro i te whenua me te whakaekenga o te tioata whakamatao me ngā toka metamorphic o te karāneti. Me te hanganga tioata kitea me te kakano. He mea tito mai i te feldspar (ko te tikanga he pāhare pākawa me te oligoclase) me te quartz, i konatunatua ki te iti o te mika (mika mangu, mika mā rānei) me ngā kohuke iti, pērā i te: zircon, apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, sphene me ētahi atu. Ko te wāhanga matua o te karāneti ko te silica, ko tōna ihirangi he tata ki te 65% – 85%. He ngoikore, he waikawa hoki ngā āhuatanga matū o te karāneti. I te nuinga o te wā, he mā, he hina rānei te karāneti, ā, nā te pouri o ngā tioata, he iraira te āhua, ā, mā te tāpiri o te pāhare pākawa ka whero, ka kikokiko rānei. I hangaia te karāneti e te tioata whakamatao āta haere o te magmatic, ka tanumia hohonu ki raro i te mata o te whenua, i te wā e puhoi haere ana te tere whakamatao, ka hangaia he kakano karāneti taratara rawa, e mōhiotia ana ko te karāneti tioata. Ko te karāneti me ētahi atu toka tioata te pūtake o te pereti whenua, koinei hoki te toka urutomo tino kitea ki te mata o te whenua.
Ahakoa e kiia ana te karāneti he magma, he toka mura rānei, he nui ngā taunakitanga e kī ana ko te hanganga o ētahi karāneti he hua o te whakarerekētanga ā-rohe, o te toka o mua rānei, kāore i roto i te tukanga wai, rewa rānei, engari ka whakarerekētia me te whakakōhatu anō. Ko te taumaha o te karāneti kei waenganui i te 2.63 me te 2.75, ā, ko tōna kaha kōpeketanga he 1,050 ~ 14,000 kg/cm tapawha (15,000 ~ 20,000 pauna ia inihi tapawha). Nā te kaha ake o te karāneti i te onepū, te kōhatu iti me te māpere, he uaua ake te tango. Nā ngā āhuatanga motuhake me ngā āhuatanga hanganga pakari o te karāneti, kei a ia ēnei āhuatanga ahurei e whai ake nei:
(1) he pai te mahi whakapaipai, ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui me ngā whakapaipai o waho.
(2) te mahi tukatuka tino pai: te kani, te tapahi, te oro, te keri, te whakairo, me ētahi atu. Ka taea te raro iho i te 0.5 mu m te tika o tana miihini, ā, neke atu i te 1600 te kanapa.
(3) he pai te ātete ki te kakahu, 5-10 ngā wā teitei ake i te rino maka.
(4) he iti te tauwehenga whānui wera, ā, kāore e ngāwari te whakapohehe. He rite ki te maitai indium, he iti rawa te pāmahana.
(5) te nui o te kaha o te whakapūmau, teitei ake i te rino maka.
(6) he pakari, he nui te tauwehenga whakamākū o roto, 15 ngā wā nui atu i te maitai. Ātete ru, mimiti ru.
(7) he pakarukaru te kirikiri, ā, he wāhanga noa iho tōna ngaronga i muri i te pakaru, kāore tēnei e pā ki te papatahi whānui.
(8) He pumau ngā āhuatanga matū o te karāneti, ā, kāore e ngāwari ki te pirau, ka taea te ātete ki te waikawa, te kawakore me te waikura o te hau. He rite tonu ōna āhuatanga matū ki te nui o te hauhā silicon, ā, ko tōna roanga mahi ka tata ki te 200 tau.
(9) he papa aukume kore-arataki, kore-arataki, he papa pūmau hoki tō te karāhe.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea te granite ki ngā momo motuhake e toru:
Ngā karāhe pai: ko te diameter toharite o te tioata feldspar he 1/16 ki te 1/8 o te inihi.
He kōhatu kakano waenga: ko te diameter toharite o te tioata feldspar he tata ki te 1/4 o te inihi.
Ngā karāhe matotoru: ko te whānui toharite o te karaihe feldspar he 1/2 inihi te whānui, ā, he nui ake te whānui, ko ētahi tae noa ki te torutoru henimita. He iti noa te matotoru o ngā karāhe matotoru.
I ngā tau tata nei, e 83 ōrau o ngā rauemi kōhatu e whakamahia ana mō te hanga whakamaharatanga he karāhe, ā, e 17 ōrau o te māpere.
Temāpere
He mea hanga te māpere mai i ngā toka hurihanga o ngā toka parataiao me ngā toka parataiao, ā, he toka hurihanga i hangaia i muri i te whakakōkī anō o te kōhatu kōhatu, he rite tonu te kakano ki ngā toenga koiora. Ko te wāhanga matua ko te konupūmā kāponāte, ko te ihirangi he tata ki te 50-75%, he ngoikore te kawakore. Kei roto i ētahi māpere he nui o te hauhā silicon, ko ētahi kāore he silica. Ko ngā rārangi mata he koretake te nuinga, ā, he iti ake te pakeke. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga o te māpere e whai ake nei:
(1) he āhuatanga whakapaipai pai, kāore he hihi i roto i te māpere, ā, he kanapa, he ātaahua hoki, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga mō te whakapaipai pakitara me te papa o roto. He tino pai te mahi miihini: te kani, te tapahi, te oro, te keri, te whakairo, me ētahi atu.
(2) He pai te ātete o te māpere ki te kakahu, ā, he uaua ki te tawhito, ā, ko tōna roanga mahi he 50-80 tau te roa.
(3) i roto i te ahumahi, he whānui te whakamahinga o te māpere. Hei tauira: hei rauemi mata, hei horoi, hei whakarewa whakarewa, me ētahi atu.
(4) he āhuatanga tō te māpere pērā i te kore-kawe-ara, te kore-kawe-ara me te papa pumau.
Mai i te tirohanga pakihi, ko ngā kōhatu papa kōhatu tūturu me ngā kōhatu kua orohia katoa ka kiia he māpere, pērā i ētahi kōhatu dolomites me ngā kōhatu serpentine. Nā te mea kāore e pai ana ngā māpere katoa mō ngā mahi hanga katoa, me wehewehe te māpere ki ngā wāhanga e whā: A, B, C me D. He tino tika tēnei tikanga whakarōpūtanga mō te māpere C me te D pakari, e hiahia ana kia rongoatia motuhake i mua i te tāutanga, i te tāutanga rānei.
He piripiri tautoko papa mapere hei whakapakari me te tiaki
Ko te whakarōpūtanga motuhake e whai ake nei:
Akomanga A: he māpere kounga teitei, he rite tonu te kounga tukatuka, kāore he poke, he stomata rānei.
Akomanga B: he rite te āhuatanga ki te momo māpere o mua, engari he kino ake te kounga tukatuka i te mea o mua; he hapa tūturu; he iti noa te wehenga, te whakapiri me te whakakī e hiahiatia ana.
C: he rerekētanga kei roto i te kounga tukatuka; He nui ake te kitea o ngā hapa, ngā whati o te stomata me te kakano. Ka taea te whakatutuki i te uaua o te whakatika i ēnei rerekētanga mā te wehe, te whakapiri, te whakakī, te whakapakari rānei i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ēnei tikanga.
Akomanga D: he rite ngā āhuatanga ki te momo māpere C, engari he nui ake ngā hapa tūturu kei roto, ā, ko te rerekētanga o te kounga tukatuka te mea nui rawa atu, ā, me tukatuka i te tikanga kotahi i ngā wā maha. He maha ngā tae o tēnei momo māpere, he tino pai te whakapaipai.
He rerekētanga te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o te karāhe māpere
Ko te rerekētanga tino kitea i waenga i te karāneti me te māpere ko tētahi he mea hanga ki waho, ko tētahi he mea hanga ki roto. Ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi kōhatu tūturu e kitea ana i roto he māpere, ko te kōhatu tūturu whai kikorangi o te papa o waho he karāneti.
He aha te take he wāhi mārama noa iho hei wehewehe?
Ko te take he ātete ki te kakahu o te karāhe, ā, he ātete hoki ki te waikura, ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō te wā roa i te hau me te rā. Hei tāpiri, e ai ki te taumata irahiko o te karāhe, e toru ngā momo ABC: ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hua akomanga A i roto i ngā āhuatanga katoa, tae atu ki ngā whare tari me ngā rūma whānau. He nui ake te irahiko o ngā hua akomanga B i te akomanga A, kāore e whakamahia ki roto i te rūma moe, engari ka taea te whakamahi ki roto, ki waho hoki o ngā whare katoa. He nui ake te irahiko o ngā hua C i te A me te B, ka taea anake te whakamahi mō ngā whakaotinga o waho o ngā whare; Neke atu i te uara whakahaere paerewa C o te kōhatu maori, ka taea anake te whakamahi mō ngā pakitara moana, ngā pou me ngā pou.
He tāera kirikiri pango mō te papa karapu pirihimanar
Ngā taera Granite mō te papa o waho
He tino ataahua te māpere, ā, he pai mō te whakapaipai o roto. He tino ataahua te whenua māpere, he kanapa, he ma hoki, pērā i te whakaata, he kaha te whakapaipai, nō reira he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i te ao toi, he mata māpere nui, he ātaahua hoki i roto i te whare nui o te iwi. He iti noa te pānga o te māpere, ā, he kōrero noa iho te horapa o te māpere i runga i te Ipurangi.
Te rerekētanga utu o te karāhe māpere
Māpere Arabescato mō te kaukau
Ahakoa he hua kōhatu kounga teitei te karāneti me te māpere, he tino nui te rerekētanga utu.
Kotahi te tauira o te karāhe, he iti noa te rerekētanga o te tae, kāore i te kaha te whakapaipai. Ko te painga he kaha, he pakari, kāore e ngāwari te pakaru, kāore e taea te tae, he nui te whakamahinga ki waho. Ko te utu mō ngā karāhe kei waenga i ngā tekau ki ngā rau tāra, ko te huruhuru hipi ia he iti ake te utu, ā, ko te utu mō te mārama he nui ake.
He maeneene, he ātaahua te kakano o te māpere, he nui ngā momo kakano, he kounga pai, he ātaahua hoki te āhua o te peita whenua, he mea hanga te māpere hei kohatu toi. Ko te utu o te māpere he rau ki te mano yuan, i runga i te pūtake, he nui rawa te utu mō ngā momo kounga.
Māpere mā Palissandro mō te whakapaipai pakitara
Mai i ngā āhuatanga, te mahi me te rerekētanga utu, ka kitea te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua. Ko tāku tumanako ka āwhina ngā kōrero o runga ake nei i a koe ki te wehewehe i waenganui i te māpere me te karāneti.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-27-2021